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I.Basic form *ar-.
1.Suffixed form *ar()-mo-.
a.arm1, from Old English earm, arm,
from Germanic *armaz;
b.arm2, (armada), armadillo, armature,
armoire, army; alarm, disarm, from Latin
arma, tools, arms;
c.armillary sphere, from Latin armus,
upper arm.
2.Suffixed form *ar()-smo-. harmony,
from Greek harmos, joint, shoulder.
3.Suffixed form *ar()-ti-.
a.art1, artisan, artist; inert, (inertia),
from Latin ars (stem art-), art, skill, craft;
b.further suffixed form *ar()-ti-o-.
artiodactyl, from Greek artios, fitting, even.
4.Suffixed form *ar()-tu-. article,
from Latin artus, joint.
5.Suffixed form *ar()-to-. coarctate,
from Latin artus, tight.
6.Suffixed form *ar()-dhro-. arthro-;
anarthrous, diarthrosis, enarthrosis,
synarthrosis, from Greek arthron, joint.
7.Suffixed (superlative) form *ar()-isto-.
aristocracy, from Greek aristos, best.
II.Possibly suffixed variant form (or
separate root) *r-dh-.
1.ordain, order, ordinal, ordinance,
ordinary, ordinate, ordo; coordination,
inordinate, subordinate, from Latin
rd, order (originally a row of threads in a loom).
2.exordium, primordial, from Latin
rdr, to begin to weave.
3.ornament, ornate; adorn, suborn,
from Latin rnre, to adorn.
III.Variant or separate root *r- (<
*re-).
1.rate1, ratio, reason; (arraign),
from Latin rr, to consider, confirm, ratify.
2.Suffixed form *r-dh-.
a.
i.read, rede, from Old English rdan,
to advise;
ii.hatred, kindred, from Old English
rden, condition. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *r
dan;
b.
i.rathskeller, from Old High German
rt, counsel;
ii.riddle2, from Old English rdels(e),
opinion, riddle. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic
*rdaz.
3.Zero-grade form *r-. (see dek) Germanic
*radam, number.
IV.Variant (or separate root) *r-.
1.Suffixed form *r-tu-. rite, from
Latin rtus, rite, custom, usage.
2.Suffixed form *(a)r-dhmo-. arithmetic,
logarithm, from Greek arithmos, number, amount.
3.rhyme, from a Germanic source akin
to Old High German rm, number, series.
[Pokorny 1. ar- 55.]
Pronunciation Key
Source: The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition
Copyright © 1996, 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
1.are1, art2, from Old
English eart and aron, second person singular and plural present of bon, to
be, from Germanic *ar-, *or-, *art(a),
to be, exist, probably from er-1.
2.earnest1, from Old English eornoste,
zealous, serious, from Germanic suffixed form *er-n-os-ti-,
perhaps from er-1.
3.Suffixed form *or-yo-. orient, origin,
(original); abort, from Latin orr, to arise, appear,
be born.
4.Suffixed form *or-sm-. hormone, from
Greek horm, impulse, onrush.
[Pokorny 3. er- 326; ergh- 339.]
Pronunciation Key
Source: The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition
Copyright © 1996, 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
One that habitually or excessively is in a specified condition or performs a specified action: drunkard.
[Middle English from Old French of Germanic origin; see kar- in Indo-European Roots.]
Pronunciation Key
Source: The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition
Copyright © 1996, 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
ar·ti·cle
(ärt-kl)
n. Abbr. art.
1.An individual thing
or element of a class; a particular object or item: an article of clothing;
articles of
food.
2.A particular section or item of a
series in a written document, as in a contract, constitution, or treaty.
3.A nonfictional literary composition
that forms an independent part of a publication, as of a newspaper or
magazine.
4.Grammar. Any of a class of words
used to signal nouns and to specify their application. In English, the
indefinite articles are a and an and
the definite article is the.
5.A particular part or subject; a specific
matter or point.
v. tr. ar·ti·cled, ar·ti·cling, ar·ti·cles.
To bind by articles set forth in a contract, such as one of apprenticeship.
[Middle
English from Old French from Latin articulus, part, diminutive of artus, joint;
see ar- in
Indo-European Roots.]
Pronunciation Key
Source: The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition
Copyright © 1996, 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
1.
a.Made by human beings; produced rather
than natural.
b.Brought about or caused by sociopolitical
or other human-generated forces or influences: set up
artificial barriers against women and
minorities; an artificial economic boom.
2.Made in imitation of something natural;
simulated.
3.Not genuine or natural: an artificial
smile.
[Middle English from
Old French from Latin artificilis, belonging to art, from artificium,
craftsmanship; see artifice.]
arti·fici·ali·ty (-fsh-l-t) n.
arti·ficial·ly adv.
Synonyms: artificial,
synthetic, ersatz, simulated.
These adjectives are compared as they
refer to what is made by human beings rather than natural in origin.
Of these terms artificial is broadest
in meaning and connotation: an artificial sweetener; artificial flowers.
Synthetic often implies the use of
a chemical process to produce a substance that will look or function like
the original, often with certain advantages,
such as enhanced durability or convenience of use or care:
synthetic rubber; a synthetic fabric.
An ersatz product is a transparently inferior imitation: ersatz coffee;
ersatz mink. Simulated refers to what
is made to resemble or substitute for another often costlier substance:
a purse of simulated alligator hide;
simulated mahogany paneling.
Pronunciation Key
Source: The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition
Copyright © 1996, 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
1.Large-caliber weapons,
such as cannon, howitzers, and missile launchers, that are operated by crews.
2.The combat arm that specializes in
the use of such weapons.
3.The science of the use of guns; gunnery.
4.Weapons, such as catapults, arbalests,
and other early devices, used for discharging missiles.
[Middle English artillerie,
from Old French from artillier, to equip, perhaps alteration of atiller,
from Vulgar Latin *apticulre, from
Latin aptre, to fit, adapt, from aptus, apt; see apt.]
Pronunciation Key
Source: The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition
Copyright © 1996, 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
1.One, such as a painter
or sculptor, who is able by virtue of imagination and talent to create works
of
aesthetic value, especially in the
fine arts.
2.A person whose work shows exceptional
creative ability or skill: You are an artist in the kitchen.
3.One, such as an actor or a singer,
especially one who works in the performing arts.
4.One who is adept at an activity,
especially one involving trickery or deceit: a con artist.
[French artiste, from
Old French lettered person, from Medieval Latin artista, from Latin ars, art-;
see ar- in Indo-European Roots.]
Pronunciation Key
Source: The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition
Copyright © 1996, 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
A second person singular present indicative of be.
[Middle English from Old English eart; see er-1 in Indo-European Roots.]
Pronunciation Key
Source: The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition
Copyright © 1996, 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
1.Article.
2.Artificial.
3.Artillery.
4.Artist.
Pronunciation Key
Source: The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition
Copyright © 1996, 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
Variant of -ard.
Pronunciation Key
Source: The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition
Copyright © 1996, 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
1.Human effort to imitate,
supplement, alter, or counteract the work of nature.
2.
a.The conscious production or arrangement
of sounds, colors, forms, movements, or other elements in a
manner that affects the sense of beauty,
specifically the production of the beautiful in a graphic or
plastic medium.
b.The study of these activities.
c.The product of these activities;
human works of beauty considered as a group.
3.High quality of conception or execution,
as found in works of beauty; aesthetic value.
4.A field or category of art, such
as music, ballet, or literature.
5.A nonscientific branch of learning;
one of the liberal arts.
6.
a.A system of principles and methods
employed in the performance of a set of activities: the art of
building.
b.A trade or craft that applies such
a system of principles and methods: the art of the lexicographer.
7.
a.Skill that is attained by study,
practice, or observation: the art of the baker; the blacksmith's art.
b.Skill arising from the exercise of
intuitive faculties: “Self-criticism is an art not many are qualified
to practice” (Joyce Carol Oates).
8.
a.arts. Artful devices, stratagems,
and tricks.
b.Artful contrivance; cunning.
9.Printing. Illustrative material.
[Middle English from Old French from Latin ars, art-; see ar- in Indo-European Roots.]
Synonyms: art, craft,
expertise, knack, know-how, technique.
The central meaning shared by these
nouns is “skill in doing or performing that is attained by study, practice,
or observation”: the art of expressing
oneself clearly; pottery that reveals craft and fine workmanship;
political expertise; a knack for teaching;
the know-how to sew one's own clothes; an outstanding
keyboard technique.
Pronunciation Key
Source: The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition
Copyright © 1996, 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
art \Art\ ([aum]rt).
The second person singular, indicative mode, present tense, of the substantive
verb Be; but formed
after the analogy of the plural are,
with the ending -t, as in thou shalt, wilt, orig. an ending of the second
person sing.
pret. Cf. Be. Now used only in solemn
or poetical style.
Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged
Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc.
1.The employment of means
to accomplish some desired end; the adaptation of things in the natural world
to the uses
of life; the application of knowledge
or power to practical purposes.
Blest with each grace of nature and of art. --Pope.
2. A system of rules
serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; a system of principles
and rules for
attaining a desired end; method of
doing well some special work; -- often contradistinguished from science or
speculative principles; as, the art
of building or engraving; the art of war; the art of navigation.
Science is systematized knowledge . . . Art is knowledge made efficient by skill. --J. F. Genung.
3. The systematic application
of knowledge or skill in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupation or
business
requiring such knowledge or skill.
The fishermen can't employ their art with so much success in so troubled a sea. --Addison.
4. The application of
skill to the production of the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation
in which skill is
so employed, as in painting and sculpture;
one of the fine arts; as, he prefers art to literature.
5. pl. Those branches of learning which are taught in the academical course of colleges; as, master of arts.
In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts. --Pope.
Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laborious a foundation. --Goldsmith.
6. Learning; study; applied knowledge, science, or letters. [Archaic]
So vast is art, so narrow human wit. --Pope.
7. Skill, dexterity,
or the power of performing certain actions, acquired by experience, study,
or observation; knack;
as, a man has the art of managing his
business to advantage.
8. Skillful plan; device.
They employed every art to soothe . . . the discontented warriors. --Macaulay.
9. Cunning; artifice; craft.
Madam, I swear I use no art at all. --Shak.
Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in strength. --Crabb.
10. The black art; magic. [Obs.] --Shak.
Art and part (Scots Law),
share or concern by aiding and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of
a crime, whether by
advice or by assistance in the execution;
complicity.
Note: The arts are divided into various classes.
The useful, mechanical,
or industrial arts are those in which the hands and body are more concerned
than the mind; as
in making clothes and utensils. These
are called trades.
The fine arts are those
which have primarily to do with imagination and taste, and are applied to
the production of what
is beautiful. They include poetry,
music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture; but the term is often
confined
to painting, sculpture, and architecture.
The liberal arts (artes
liberales, the higher arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted
to pursue)
were, in the Middle Ages, these seven
branches of learning, -- grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music,
and astronomy. In modern times the
liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose
the
course of academical or collegiate
education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master and bachelor of arts.
In America, literature
and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of
daily necessity.
--Irving.
Syn: Science; literature;
aptitude; readiness; skill; dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession;
business; trade;
calling; cunning; artifice; duplicity.
See Science.
Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged
Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc.
-ard \-ard\, -art \-art\
The termination of many English words; as, coward, reynard, drunkard, mostly
from the French, in
which language this ending is of German
origin, being orig. the same word as English hard. It usually has the sense
of
one who has to a high or excessive
degree the quality expressed by the root; as, braggart, sluggard.
Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged
Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc.
art n 1: the products
of human creativity; works of art collectively [syn: fine art] 2: the creation
of beautiful or
significant things; "he was a patron
of art" [syn: artistic creation, artistic production] 3: the superior ability
that is
attained by study and practice and
observation; "he had mastered the art of a great craftsman" [syn: artistry,
prowess,
superior skill] 4: photographs or other
visual representations in a printed publication [syn: artwork, graphics, nontextual
matter]
Source: WordNet ® 1.6, © 1997
Princeton University
<language> A real-time functional
language. It timestamps each data value when it was created.
["Applicative Real-Time Programming", M. Broy, PROC IFIP 1983, N-H]. (1996-01-15)
Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, © 1993-2000 Denis Howe
art, TX Zip code(s):
76820
Source: U.S. Gazetteer, U.S. Census
Bureau
art
art: in CancerWEB's On-line
Medical Dictionary
Source: On-line Medical Dictionary,
© 1997-98 Academic Medical Publishing & CancerWE
http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=art
ex·is·tence (g-zstns)
n.
1.The fact or state of
existing; being.
2.The fact or state of continued being;
life: our brief existence on earth.
3.
a.All that exists: sang the beauty
of all existence.
b.A thing that exists; an entity.
4.A mode or manner of existing: scratched
out a meager existence.
5.Specific presence; occurrence: The
Geiger counter indicated the existence of radioactivity.
Synonyms: existence,
actuality, being.
The central meaning shared by these
nouns is “the fact or state of existing”: laws in existence for centuries;
a fantasy that progressed from possibility
to actuality; a point of view gradually coming into being.
Antonyms: nonexistence
http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=existence
be (b)
v. First and third person singular
past indicative was (wz, wz; wz when unstressed), second person singular and
plural and first and third person plural
past indicative were (wûr), past subjunctive were, past participle been
(bn),
present participle be·ing (bng),
first person singular present indicative am (m), second person singular and
plural
and first and third person plural present
indicative are (är), third person singular present indicative is (z),
present
subjunctive be.
v. intr.
1.To exist in actuality;
have life or reality: I think, therefore I am.
2.
a.To occupy a specified position: The
food is on the table.
b.To remain in a certain state or situation
undisturbed, untouched, or unmolested: Let the children be.
3.To take place; occur: The test was
yesterday.
4.To go or come: Have you ever been
to Italy? Have you been home recently?
5.Usage Problem. Used as a copula in
such senses as:
a.To equal in identity: “To be a Christian
was to be a Roman” (James Bryce).
b.To have a specified significance:
A is excellent, C is passing. Let n be the unknown quantity.
c.To belong to a specified class or
group: The human being is a primate.
d.To have or show a specified quality
or characteristic: She is lovely. All men are mortal.
e.To seem to consist or be made of:
The yard is all snow. He is all bluff and no bite.
6.To belong; befall: Peace be unto
you. Woe is me.
v. aux.
1.Used with the past
participle of a transitive verb to form the passive voice: The mayoral election
is held
annually.
2.Used with the present participle
of a verb to express a continuing action: We are working to improve
housing conditions.
3.Used with the infinitive of a verb
to express intention, obligation, or future action: She was to call before
she left. You are to make the necessary
changes.
4.Archaic. Used with the past participle
of certain intransitive verbs to form the perfect tense: “Where be
those roses gone which sweetened so
our eyes?” (Philip Sidney).
[Middle English ben,
from Old English bon; see bheu- in Indo-European Roots. See am1, is, etc.
for links to
other Indo-European roots.] base2.html
Synonyms: be, breathe,
exist, live, subsist.
The central meaning shared by these
verbs is “to have life or reality”: Her parents are no more. A nicer
person has never breathed. He is one
of the worst actors who ever existed. Human beings cannot live
without food and water. The benevolence
subsisting in her character draws her friends closer to her.
Usage Note: Traditional
grammar requires the nominative form of the pronoun in the predicate of the
verb
be: It is I (not me); That must be
they (not them), and so forth. Even literate speakers of Modern English
have found the rule difficult to conform
to, but the stigmatization of It is me is by now so deeply lodged
among the canons of correctness that
there is little likelihood that the construction will ever be entirely
acceptable in formal writing. Adherence
to the traditional rule in informal speech, however, has come to
sound increasingly pedantic, and begins
to sound absurd when the verb is contracted, as in It's we. · The
traditional rule creates particular
problems when the pronoun following be also functions as the object of a
verb or preposition in a relative clause,
as in It is not them/they that we have in mind when we talk about
“crime in the streets” nowadays, where
the plural pronoun serves as both the predicate of is and the object
of have. In this example, 57 percent
of the Usage Panel preferred the nominative form they, 33 percent
preferred the accusative them, and
10 percent accepted both versions. But H.W. Fowler, like other
authorities, argued that the use of
the nominative here is an error caused by “the temptation . . . to assume,
perhaps from hearing It is me corrected
to It is I, that a subjective [nominative] case cannot be wrong after
the verb to be.” Writers can usually
find a way to avoid this problem: They are not the ones we have in
mind, We have someone else in mind,
and so on. See Usage Note at we.
http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=being
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